Here is a summary of the provided sources in bullet points:
* **Codification of Supreme Court Issuances (General)**
* The **comprehensive compilation of all Supreme Court circulars, memoranda, and orders issued from 2000 to the present** is a milestone in the Reform Programme for the Philippine Justice Sector, implemented with the European Union (EU)'s Governance in Justice (GOJUST) [1].
* This codification aims to **improve access to justice** by providing a centralized repository of information, which benefits lawyers, litigants, students, professors, government employees, and the public [2].
* It addresses the arduous task of navigating scattered sources, which previously led to confusion, delays, and inconsistent interpretations [2].
* The codification promotes **greater uniformity and consistency in the application and interpretation of court rules**, contributing to stability and public confidence in the judicial system [2].
* It falls under the **Transparent and Accountable Justice** guiding principle of the Court’s Strategic Plan for Judicial Innovations 2022-2027 (SPJI) [2, 3].
* This initiative supports the **constitutionally enshrined and universally recognized right to information** of the people, raising the bar for transparency and accountability in the judiciary [3].
* **Access to Information**
* **Requests from banks and financial institutions** for information on case status and personal data of litigants (relevant to credit standing) must be filed by these institutions and acted upon by courts under specific conditions [4-6].
* **OCA Circular No. 179-2016 (August 1, 2016)** amended OCA Circular No. 41-2014 regarding these requests [4, 6, 7].
* The conditions include furnishing parties with a copy of the certification and attaching it to the case record, and ensuring protection of privacy and proper administration of justice [7].
* "Court Information" refers to **information filed in or generated by the courts**, including official records, documents, and decisions, but **only information that is not confidential may be disclosed** [8].
* "Confidential Information" generally includes **information not yet made public record relating to pending cases**, such as notes, drafts, research papers, internal discussions, internal memoranda, and records of internal deliberations [9]. Such information remains confidential even after a decision is made public [9].
* **Access to Justice**
* The "Access to Justice for the Poor Project" (PHI/AID/2003/4980) is implemented in partnership with the Department of Social Welfare and Development, Department of Justice, Department of the Interior and Local Government, and Alternative Law Groups, **funded by the European Commission** [10].
* This project aims to **increase access to justice by the poor and vulnerable groups** [11].
* **Information, Education, Communication (IEC) Guidelines for Municipal Court Information Officers (MCIOs)** were approved on March 13, 2007, under A.M. No. 05-2-01-SC, and adopted for implementation on April 2, 2007, via SC Memorandum Circular No. 7-07 [12-15].
* **MCIOs** (Clerks of Court, Acting Clerks of Court, or Officers-in-Charge of first-level courts) are provided with standards for disclosure and access to court information [8, 15].
* MCIOs' information dissemination activities are **generally confined to court users** regarding actual cases and court rules [14].
* MCIOs should advise litigants on the **availability of an affidavit of indigency** in lieu of filing fees [16, 17].
* In **Violence Against Women and their Children (VAWC) cases**, MCIOs are to provide petition forms, assist petitioners, ensure privacy, advise on legal and support services, and provide certified copies of protection orders [16-18].
* MCIOs can **only provide factual and publicly accessible data**, such as names of parties (except in VAWC cases), case title and number, counsel names, judge's name, relevant dates, petitions/prayers, laws cited, hearing schedules, and case status [19].
* Interviews are allowed only if permitted by judges and for purely informative purposes, **without personal views** [19].
* MCIOs must **coordinate with the Supreme Court Public Information Office and the Office of the Court Administrator** for cases with extensive public interest/media coverage [20].
* **Republic Act Nos. 6033, 6034, 6035, and 6036 (Laurel Laws)** relate to preference for criminal cases involving indigents, transportation/allowances for indigent litigants, free transcripts for indigents, and bail exemptions for minor offenses, respectively [21].
* **Admiralty Courts**
* "The Rules of Procedure for Admiralty Cases" (A.M. No. 19-08-14-SC) were **approved on September 17, 2019**, and took effect on January 1, 2020 [22-25].
* Objectives include providing a **special and summary procedure** for admiralty cases and a **fast, reliable, and efficient means of recourse** to Philippine courts [23, 24].
* These rules provide specific procedures for filing verified complaints, serving writs and summons (in rem and in personam), filing responsive pleadings, and holding hearings [26-31].
* A **limitation action closes upon final payment of all claims**, and the court issues an order declaring it closed, which is final and unappealable after 15 days, barring future claims [32].
* **Filing and other legal fees must be paid upon filing the complaint** [33].
* The **regular Rules of Court apply suppletorily** if not inconsistent [33].
* The Supreme Court designates **existing Regional Trial Courts as Admiralty courts** [24, 34].
* **Appearance, Detention, and Conditions of Persons Deprived of Liberty**
* **Transfer of national prisoners** to the Bureau of Corrections in Muntinlupa is governed by OCA Circular No. 4-92-A [35].
* Guidelines exist for **issuing subpoenas requiring detention prisoners** to appear for testimony [35].
* **Immediate issuance of release orders for prisoners** is mandated to prevent prolonged detention after dismissal or acquittal [36, 37].
* Executive Judges can **approve requests from the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) to transfer or change place of detention for high-risk or high-profile detainees** [36, 38].
* **Expediting hearings of cases involving jail inmates and prisoners** is enjoined, including serving copies of pleadings/motions/orders/decisions to them, not just their counsel, and to the BJMP/Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) [36, 39, 40].
* Trial judges are directed to **strictly comply with issuing mittimus or commitment orders** for national prisoners immediately after conviction and submit them with necessary documents to the BJMP for transfer to BuCor, to decongest jails [41-43].
* Guidelines were approved on November 19, 2013, for the **Issuance of Mittimus/Commitment Order and Transfer of Detainees/Prisoners for Testifying** [43].
* Courts must maintain a **"Detainees Notebook"** (supplied by OCA) for each detainee, tracking case progress, detention dates, hearing schedules, and court actions. One copy is attached to the case record, and one is kept by the jail warden and brought to court hearings. Both copies are updated by court personnel [44, 45].
* **Bouncing Checks Law (BP 22)**
* Violations of **Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 (BP 22)** are included within the coverage of the **Rule on Summary Procedure of Criminal Cases** as of March 25, 2003 (A.M. No. 00-11-01-SC), with retroactive application [46-50].
* Administrative Circular No. 12-00 and No. 13-01 clarify the **penalty for violation of BP 22** [46, 47, 51].
* Guidelines exist for the **collection of mediation fees in BP 22 cases** [47].
* **Clarification on disposal of BP 22 cases with unpaid filing fees** states that if the complainant fails to pay within 10 days, the case is archived for two months, then dismissed by the Executive/Presiding Judge [52, 53].
* **Bonds**
* The **lifetime of bonds in civil actions or proceedings** was fixed by A.M. 03-03-18-SC (August 5, 2003) until the action or proceeding is finally decided, resolved, or terminated [54, 55].
* OCA Circular No. 142-03 prohibits **staggered payments in favor of surety companies** [54].
* **Guidelines on Corporate Surety Bonds (A.M. No. 04-7-02-SC)** were approved on July 20, 2004, to systematize procedures for accreditation and collection of liabilities [54, 56, 57].
* The **Office of the Court Administrator (OCA) is the implementing arm** for these policies [58].
* **Causes for revocation or suspension of accreditation for surety companies** include non-compliance with circulars, non-renewal of authority, failure to maintain deposit, or violation of court orders [59].
* **Monthly reports on surety companies with outstanding obligations** must be submitted to OCA's Docket and Clearance Division, including details of forfeiture judgments, writs of execution, and sheriff's returns [60].
* The **obligation of the accused/defendant to pay annual premiums for surety bonds remains** [61, 62].
* If a surety company seeks discharge due to non-payment of premiums by the accused/defendant, it must notify the court within 10 days [63].
* **Interests earned from the Fiduciary Fund and forfeited/confiscated bonds are to be remitted to the Bureau of Treasury** [64].
* **Clerks of Court**
* **Disqualification of Clerks of Court, Assistant Clerks of Court, Deputy Clerks of Court, and Branch Clerks of Court** in all levels from performing functions due to specific grounds (e.g., related to a party) is mandated by Section 1, Rule 137 of the Rules of Court, as amended by A.M. No. 08-4-1-SC (June 3, 2008) [65-67].
* They must **screen pending cases and report in writing** to their presiding judges/chairpersons if disqualification grounds exist [67].
* Internal rules for **temporary replacements** in the Court of Appeals, Sandiganbayan, Court of Tax Appeals, and Supreme Court are to be submitted [68].
* Granting requests for copies of documents in **201 Files (personnel records)** is limited to concerned officials/employees of lower courts or their authorized representatives, and Executive Judges authorized by OCA/SC for investigations; other requests must be referred to OCA [69].
* **Code of Judicial Conduct**
* **Rule 140 of the Rules of Court** governs the **discipline of Justices and Judges** [70, 71].
* Proceedings can be instituted *motu proprio* by the Supreme Court or upon a verified/anonymous complaint supported by affidavits or public records [71].
* The Supreme Court has adopted the **New Code of Conduct for the Philippine Judiciary (A.M. No. 03-05-01-SC, April 27, 2004)** [72].
* The **Judicial Integrity Board (JIB) and the Corruption Prevention and Investigation Office (CPIO)** were established by A.M. No. 18-01-05-SC (October 2, 2018, and July 7, 2020) to strengthen integrity and prevent corruption [73-76].
* The **JIB investigates and submits findings/recommendations to the Supreme Court En Banc** [77, 78].
* The JIB receives complaints against justices of the Court of Appeals, Sandiganbayan, Court of Tax Appeals, Shari’ah High Court, judges of lower courts (including Shari’ah Courts), and officials/employees of OCA and Jurisconsult's Office [79, 80].
* It can **institute disciplinary actions *motu proprio*** based on conviction or criminal charges against these officials [81, 82].
* The **Supreme Court may order preventive suspension without pay** for 60 days or until a final decision is reached, to enable investigation, prevent crisis, or protect the public/court image [83].
* **Serious charges** include bribery, dishonesty, gross misconduct, knowingly rendering unjust judgment, gross ignorance of law, and partisan political activities [84, 85].
* **Less serious charges** include undue delay, frequent unjustified absences, unauthorized practice of law, violation of SC rules/directives/circulars, receiving double compensation, and untruthful statements in service certificates [85, 86].
* The **fines provided in Section 25, Paragraphs A, B, and C of the Revised Rules of Court were amended** on March 16, 2021, effective May 31, 2021 [73, 87].
* The Court Administrator is directed to **elevate unresolved administrative cases/disciplinary complaints** from the Court of Appeals, Sandiganbayan, Court of Tax Appeals (within 60 days) and from First/Second Level Courts (within 90 days) to the JIB [88, 89].
* The JIB is to **formulate its own Internal Rules** within 30 days of membership completion and submit them to the Supreme Court En Banc for approval [90].
* **Competition Courts**
* The **Rule on Administrative Search and Inspection under the Philippine Competition Act (A.M. No. 19-08-06-SC)** was issued on September 10, 2019 [91, 92].
* It defines an **inspection order** as a written order signed by a judge, authorizing the Philippine Competition Commission (PCC) to search and inspect premises for information [93].
* **Special Commercial Courts in Quezon City, Manila, Makati, Pasig, Cebu City, Iloilo City, Davao City, and Cagayan De Oro City** have the authority to act on applications for inspection orders, enforceable nationwide [94].
* Applications must be **verified and detail the subject of investigation**, premises, and information sought [95].
* The judge must **examine the applicant and witnesses** under oath within 24 hours of filing [95].
* The **Special Commercial Courts were designated as "Competition Courts"** by Resolution dated December 10, 2019 (A.M. No. 19-08-06-SC), effective January 1, 2020 [91, 96-98].
* **Comprehensive Agrarian Reform**
* Administrative Circular No. 29-2002 (July 1, 2002) reminds trial judges to **avoid conflict of jurisdiction with the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) and Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)** in cases under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 (RA 6657) [91, 97].
* Administrative Circular No. 38-02 (August 28, 2002) reiterates the need for **strict observance of Section 68 of RA 6657** to expedite agrarian disputes [99-101].
* OCA Circular No. 23-04 (February 13, 2004) reiterates circulars regarding **temporary restraining orders, writs of preliminary injunctions, prohibitions, and mandamus** over cases under RA 6657, due to rampant issuances creating jurisdictional conflict [99, 102].
* **Commercial Courts**
* The Supreme Court resolved to **designate Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Courts as Special Commercial Courts (SCCs)** to try and decide cases involving **violations of Intellectual Property Rights** and cases formerly cognizable by the SEC (A.M. No. 03-03-03-SC, June 17, 2003) [99, 103-105].
* The **coverage of SCCs was expanded to include all cases on insolvency and liquidation under the Financial Rehabilitation and Insolvency Act of 2010 (FRIA)** by Resolution dated June 16, 2015 (A.M. No. 03-03-03-SC), effective September 8, 2015 [106, 107].
* SCCs were also designated as **"Competition Courts"** for violations of the Philippine Competition Act and other competition-related laws [98].
* Designation of **additional Special Commercial Courts, Cybercrime Courts, and Competition Courts** was approved on May 18, 2021 [106, 108, 109].
* Cases on **Admiralty and Maritime laws** are now under the jurisdiction of designated Admiralty Courts [110].
* **Continuous Trial of Criminal Cases**
* **Guidelines for Continuous Trial of Criminal Cases in Pilot Courts (A.M. No. 15-06-10-SC)** were approved on June 30, 2015, and revised on April 25, 2017 [111-114].
* Objectives include **protecting the constitutional right to speedy disposition**, reinforcing existing rules, and introducing innovations [115].
* The Revised Guidelines generally **do not apply to cases under the Rule on Summary Procedure** unless specifically provided [115].
* Upon a **plea of guilty**, judgment is immediately rendered, except for capital offenses [116].
* If no plea bargaining or guilty plea occurs, the court proceeds with **arraignment, then sets pre-trial and trial dates** within prescribed periods, preparing a flowchart for hearings [116].
* **Prohibited motions** include *subpoena duces tecum* for medical records, motions for judicial determination of probable cause, motions for reinvestigation of non-bailable cases, motions to quash information on certain grounds, motions for bill of particulars not conforming to rules, motions to suspend arraignment on certain grounds, and petitions to suspend criminal action based on prejudicial question without a civil case [117].
* **Meritorious motions** include motions to withdraw information or downgrade, or those with plausible grounds and supporting documents [117].
* **Petitions for bail** are set for summary hearing after arraignment and pre-trial, to be resolved within 30 days (20 days for drug cases) [118].
* **Testimonies of witnesses** in first-level courts can be based on duly subscribed written statements, affidavits, or judicial affidavits, subject to additional questions [119].
* The **one-day examination of witness rule** is strictly adhered to [120].
* Submission of **memoranda is discretionary**, not exceeding 25 pages, single-spaced, size 14 font, and does not suspend the promulgation period [120].
* **Inventory of criminal cases** does not suspend court hearings [121].
* The Revised Guidelines were approved for applicability to **Family Courts and Regional Trial Courts handling Family Court Cases** with modifications on October 2, 2018 (A.M. No. 15-06-10-SC) [122].
* Family Courts are to **conduct mediation proceedings on all issues under the Family Code** and other laws (e.g., support, custody, property relations) [123].
* Family Courts are to **continue mediation in Republic Act No. 9262 (VAWC) cases** where parties agree to mediate certain aspects, despite exclusionary provisions [123].
* **Transitory provision of RA 10951** (adjusting penalties in Revised Penal Code) where trial has started is deemed to include arraignment for jurisdiction purposes [124].
* **Court of Appeals Rules**
* The **Proposed 2002 Internal Rules of the Court of Appeals (A.M. No. 02-6-13-CA)** were approved on July 31, 2002, with specific amendments in 2005 [125-127].
* The **2009 Internal Rules of the Court of Appeals (2009 IRCA)** were approved on November 17, 2009, with changes for clarity [128, 129].
* The Court of Appeals sits **en banc for administrative, ceremonial, and non-adjudicative functions**, and in Divisions for adjudicative powers [126, 130].
* The **Court En Banc promulgates rules** for organization of Divisions, assignment of Justices, distribution of cases, and acts on administrative matters [131, 132].
* The **Clerk of Court disseminates public interest information** and answers queries on case status [133, 134].
* Division Clerks of Court supervise staff, maintain records, monitor pleadings/motions, prepare agendas, issue resolutions/notices/summons, attend hearings, supervise stenographers, and receive decisions for promulgation [135-137].
* The **Clerk of Court/Deputy Clerk of Court promulgates decisions and resolutions** by filing them and annotating the date/time [138-140].
* **Decisions and final resolutions** are to be published in the Official Gazette and Court of Appeals Reports Annotated, with syllabi prepared in consultation with *ponentes* [141, 142].
* Specific **color codes are used for rollos** (case folders) to facilitate identification: Cream for original civil, Orange for original criminal, Green for appealed civil, Red for appealed criminal, Blue for original collection, and Purple for *en banc* cases [143-145].
* An **appeal to the Supreme Court** or motion for extension thereto **deems a pending motion for reconsideration in the CA abandoned** [146-148].
* **Disposal/destruction of court records** (case rollos of terminated cases for at least 7 years) is governed by specific guidelines [149-151]. Exclusions apply for certain case types (naturalization, big land cases, death penalty cases) and illegible records [152-156].
* Notices of disposal must be posted in public places and sent to parties/counsel at least 30 days prior [157, 158].
* The **Supreme Court sets an official records disposal period**, during which first and second-level courts hold no hearings except for urgent matters (habeas corpus, amparo, habeas data, TROs, protection orders, bails, lifting warrants, arraignment of detained accused) [159, 160].
* Litigants/lawyers can apply to retrieve disposable residual records of terminated cases five years and older [161].
* Specific documents are to be **extracted and saved** from records of cases 5-20 years old and 20+ years old (decision, entry of judgment, complaint/information, exhibits, execution-related portions) [154, 162-164]. Land registration and family court cases have special retention rules [155, 165].
* **Court of Tax Appeals Rules**
* The **Revised Rules of the Court of Tax Appeals (A.M. No. 05-11-07-CTA)** were approved on November 22, 2005, with subsequent amendments [166-168].
* The Rules are to be **liberally construed** for just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of actions, with the **Rules of Court applying suppletorily** [169].
* The Court is composed of a **presiding justice and eight (8) associate justices**, sitting *en banc* or in three Divisions of three justices [168].
* It exercises **adjudicative powers *en banc* or in Divisions** [170].
* Pleadings include **verified complaint, verified answer, and petition for review**, requiring specific contents and certifications [171, 172].
* **Docket fees must be paid** upon filing; the Clerk of Court will not receive a petition without proof of payment [173].
* **Corporate Surety Bonds** are guided by SC Circular A.M. No. 04-7-02-SC [174].
* **Pre-trial rules** under the Rules of Court and A.M. No. 03-1-09-SC apply [174].
* The Court may **delegate reception of evidence** to the Clerk of Court, Division Clerks of Court, or Court Attorney for marking, comparison, and identification of documentary evidence [175, 176].
* For **voluminous documents**, a summary and CPA certification may be presented, with originals available for verification [177-179].
* **Judgment is rendered in writing**, stating findings of fact and conclusions of law, signed by concurring justices, and promulgated immediately [180-182].
* **Any action modifying or reversing a decision is an "Amended Decision"** [138].
* **Color codes for rollos** include Cream (original civil), Orange (original criminal), Green (appealed civil), Red (appealed criminal), Blue (original collection), and Purple (*en banc*) [144, 145].
* **Court Records**
* All **judgments, orders considering cases submitted for decision, and orders of dismissal** must be submitted monthly to the Office of the Court Administrator [166, 183, 184].
* **Guidelines for the Disposition and/or Destruction of Court Records, Papers, and Exhibits** (A.M. No. 07-3-09-SC) were issued, with July 1-31, 2015, as a preparatory period [151, 185, 186].
* The Supreme Court sets an **official records disposal period**, during which courts generally hold no hearings except for urgent matters [159, 160].
* **Uniform Guidelines for the Temporary Transfer of Records** (A.M. No. 15-08-07-SC) were issued on August 9, 2016 [185, 187].
* **CD Asia**
* CD Asia was granted permission to **photocopy Supreme Court issuances** for its "Lex Libris series," subject to conditions on commercial exploitation [185, 188].
* **Criminal Procedure**
* **Amendment to Section 5, Rule 110 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure** (A.M. No. 02-2-07-SC, April 10, 2002) clarified that private prosecutors can prosecute cases under the direction and control of a public prosecutor [189, 190].
* Administrative Circular No. 58-02 (November 14, 2002) requires **expeditious disposition of criminal cases involving tourists** [189].
* OCA Circular No. 211-2019 (November 11, 2019) provides **uniform guidelines for cases where the accused is a local official** [189].
* OCA Circular No. 24-2011 (February 3, 2011) addresses the **gathering of data in cases involving deaf parties/witnesses** [191].
* **Death Penalty**
* Amendments to the **Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure to Govern Death Penalty Cases (A.M. No. 00-5-03-SC)** were approved on September 28, 2004, and October 12, 2004 [191-193].
* If the **Court of Appeals finds the penalty of death should be imposed, it renders judgment but certifies the case to the Supreme Court for review** [193].
* Decisions of the Sandiganbayan imposing *reclusion perpetua*, life imprisonment, or death are **appealable to the Supreme Court** [194].
* **Deposition**
* Guidelines for **taking depositions before Philippine Consular Officers Abroad** were issued on October 11, 2017 [191, 195, 196].
* **Department of Foreign Affairs**
* OCA Circular No. 133-2003 (September 19, 2003) clarified that court **summons, subpoenas, and other documents to be furnished to the Department of Foreign Affairs** (DFA) refer only to those related to cases involving **violations of the Philippine Passport Act of 1996 (RA 8239)** [197-199].
* **Jail Congestion**
* Guidelines for **decongesting holding jails by enforcing the rights of accused persons to bail and speedy trial (A.M. No. 12-11-2-SC)** were issued on March 18, 2014 [197, 200-202].
* Hearing for bail in capital offenses is **summary**, with the prosecution bearing the burden of proof [200].
* Courts must maintain a **"Detainees Notebook"** to track case progress and ensure rights are accorded [44, 45]. OCA Circular No. 230-2016 (November 7, 2016) provided guidelines for its distribution and use [197, 203].
* **Discipline of Attorneys**
* Proceedings for disbarment, suspension, or discipline of attorneys can be instituted *motu proprio* by the Supreme Court or by the Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP) upon verified complaint [204-206].
* **Charges against Justices of the Court of Appeals, Sandiganbayan, and Judges of the Court of Tax Appeals and lower courts must be filed with the Supreme Court**, even if lawyers are jointly charged or the acts are unrelated to official functions [206, 207].
* The **IBP Board of Governors reviews cases** and recommends dismissal or disciplinary action to the Supreme Court [208].
* The Supreme Court may **refer cases for investigation to the Office of the Bar Confidant** or other officers/judges [209].
* The Supreme Court, *motu proprio* or upon IBP recommendation, may **suspend an attorney** during investigation [210].
* The **Rules of Procedure of the Commission on Bar Discipline (CBD) of the IBP** specify allowed pleadings (verified complaint, answer, position papers) and **prohibit certain motions** like motions to dismiss, for bill of particulars, or for new trial [211, 212].
* **Docket and Other Legal Fees**
* Various circulars address the **collection and remittance of legal fees** under Rule 141 of the Rules of Court, as amended [204, 213-218].
* **Exemptions from payment of legal fees** are granted to:
* COMELEC in petitions for exclusion [219].
* **Cooperatives** (from court and sheriff's fees payable to the Philippine Government for actions under the Cooperative Code, or by the Cooperative Development Authority) [220-223]. However, they are **not exempt from sheriff's expenses** [223, 224].
* Clients of the **National Committee on Legal Aid (NCLA) and IBP legal aid offices** (for filing, docket, appeal, provisional remedies, mediation, sheriff's, stenographer's, and commissioner's fees) [225-231].
* Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) was **denied exemption** from legal fees [232-234].
* Dangerous Drugs Board is **exempted** [232].
* Baguio Market Vendors Multi-Purpose Cooperative (BAMARVEMPCO) is **exempted** [232].
* All agencies and instrumentalities of the National Government are **exempt from payment of Transcript of Stenographic Notes (TSN) fees** [225, 231].
* **Mediation fees** are collected for specific case types (civil, settlement of estates, Summary Procedure cases, Katarungang Pambarangay, civil aspects of BP 22, quasi-offenses, estafa, libel, theft, appeal cases) [220, 232, 235-243].
* **Payment of mediation fees** is not strictly implemented, especially for answers with counterclaims/cross-claims and third-party complaints [243].
* The **new rates of legal fees on motions** prescribed under Amended Administrative Circular No. 35-2004 (Rule 141) are **suspended** [217, 244].
* **TSN rates were increased** from P10 to P20 per page before appeal, and P5 to P10 after appeal, with 1/3 to JDF and 2/3 to stenographer (A.M. No. 18-10-03-SC, Oct 2, 2018) [245-247].
* **Prohibition on the substitution of payment of docket fees** from one court station to another [232].
* **Direct Bank Payment of Legal Fees Project** was approved for pilot sites [248, 249].
* **Collection of appropriate legal fees on pleadings filed, requests, motions, and judgments rendered** is mandated [250].
* **Cash Receipt Register Format was updated to allocate legal fees due Family Courts** pursuant to RA 8369 [250, 251].
* **Petitions for Issuance of Writ of Possession in Extrajudicial Foreclosure of Mortgages are treated as motions** for fee assessment if there is no third-party claimant [250, 252].
* **Computation of legal fees in Small Claims Cases** filed by plaintiffs engaged or not engaged in banking/lending was clarified [245, 253].
* **Drugs**
* Certain RTC branches were **designated as Special Courts for Drug Cases** regardless of drug quantity (A.M. Mo. 00-8-01-SC, August 1, 2000) [254, 255].
* Guidelines exist for the **custody and disposition of seized dangerous drugs and controlled chemicals** (OCA Circular No. 51-03, May 15, 2003) [254, 256].
* OCA Circular No. 28-05 (March 28, 2005) addresses **dismissal of drug cases for lack of authority of operating personnel** [254].
* Guidelines for Executive Judges and Presiding Judges of Special Courts for Drug Cases were issued (OCA Circular No. 112-05, Oct 25, 2005) [254, 257].
* **Section 90 of RA 9165 mandates the Supreme Court to designate special courts** for drug cases based on population and pending cases [258].
* **Immediate destruction and/or disposition of seized dangerous drugs** is mandated by Section 21, paragraph 4 of RA 9165, with representative samples retained [259, 260].
* Guidelines for the **Drug Prevention Program for First and Second Level Courts** were issued (SC Administrative Circular No. 21-06, Feb 24, 2006) [260, 261].
* The **Legal and Prosecution Service (LPS) of the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) is to be furnished with all court orders, resolutions, and decisions on drug cases** for tracking and monitoring [261, 262].
* All newly-filed drug cases are **raffled to all RTCs except family courts and overburdened RTCs**; cases involving minors go to family courts [263].
* **Admissibility of parties' stipulations on forensic laboratory reports** in drug cases was allowed in lieu of forensic chemist testimony (OCA Circular No. 232-2017, Dec 11, 2017) due to limited chemists [264, 265].
* The **mandatory policy for maintaining the chain of custody** to preserve the integrity and evidentiary value of seized illegal drugs was clarified by the Supreme Court in *People v. Romy Lim y Miranda* (G.R. No. 231989, Nov 13, 2018) [264, 266-268].
* The **Commission on Audit is exempt from payment of fees for TSN copies** from Drug Courts [264, 269].
* **Updated Lists of Scheduled Controlled Substances** are transmitted by the Dangerous Drugs Board [270, 271].
* Documents required to facilitate the **turnover of drug evidence to PDEA** are specified [270].
* **Election**
* OCA Circular No. 66-07 (July 2, 2007) concerns the **inventory of election contests** (Election Protest/Petition for Quo Warranto) [270].
* Resolution of petitions for **inclusion/exclusion of voters** within the reglementary period is required [270].
* **Expropriation**
* OCA Circular No. 232-20115 (Oct 15, 2015) concerns the **application of Republic Act No. 8974** [272].
* OCA Circular No. 113-2019 (July 16, 2019) clarifies **expropriation cases, acquisition of right-of-way, issuance of writs of possession, and entitlement to interest pursuant to RA 10752** [272].
* OCA Circular No. 12-2021 (Jan 19, 2021) provides **guidelines for Special Expropriation Courts for Public Roads** [272].
* **Execution**
* **Utmost caution, prudence, and judiciousness** are advised in the issuance of writs of execution to satisfy money judgments against government agencies and local government units [272].
* Execution of judgments in appealed cases is governed by Section 1, Rule 39 of the Rules of Court [273].
* **Family Court; In General**
* A.M. No. 15-02-10-SC (Oct 18, 2016) relates to the **budget proposal for the formal organization of Family Courts** for 2016 [273].
* A.M. No. 02-11-12-SC (Feb 11, 2012) pertains to the **Proposed Rule on Provisional Orders** [273].
* **Family Court; Adoption**
* The **Proposed Rule on Adoption (A.M. No. 02-6-02-SC)** was issued on July 31, 2002, with subsequent amendments [273, 274].
* OCA Circular No. 75-2021 (June 14, 2021) requires the **inclusion of notarial details in the Certificate of Authority for a Notarial Act (CANA)** on documents related to adoption cases [274].
* A.M. No. 22-04-06-SC (April 19, 2022) relates to the **Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Social Aspects of Republic Act No. 8369 (Family Courts Act of 1997)** [275].
* Reports on **pending adoption cases, including archived cases**, are required [275].
* **Family Court; Marriage**
* **Proposed Rule on Declaration of Absolute Nullity of Void Marriages and Annulment of Voidable Marriages (A.M. No. 02-11-10-SC)** and **Proposed Rule on Legal Separation (A.M. No. 02-11-11-SC)** were issued on March 4, 2003, with amendments [276, 277].
* Administrative Order No. 125-07 (August 9, 2007) provides **guidelines on the solemnization of marriages by members of the Judiciary** [277].
* **Family Court; Minors**
* Proposed rules exist for **commitment of children (A.M. No. 02-1-19)**, **custody of minors and writ of habeas corpus (A.M. No. 03-04-04-SC)**, and **guardianship of minors (A.M. No. 03-02-05-SC)** [277, 278].
* **Foreclosure**
* **Procedures in Extra-Judicial Foreclosure of Mortgage** (OCA Circular No. 1-00, Jan 3, 2000, and A.M. No. 99-10-05-0, Dec 14, 1999) are outlined [278].
* Guidelines for the **enforcement of the Procedure in Extra-Judicial Foreclosure of Mortgage** (OCA Circular No. 7-02, Jan 22, 2002) were issued [278].
* OCA Circular No. 32-01 (May 18, 2001) covers **Extrajudicial Foreclosure of Pledge** [278].
* Administrative Circular No. 3-98 reminds courts about the **payment of filing fees in extrajudicial foreclosure** [214, 279].
* **Gender-Fair Language**
* A.M. No. 21-11-25-SC (Feb 15, 2022) pertains to the **Proposed Rules on the Use of Gender-Fair Language in the Judiciary and Gender-Fair Courtroom Etiquette** [280].
* **Grievance Machinery For the Lower Courts**
* The **Revised Grievance Machinery for the Lower Courts** was issued on November 11, 2008 [280].
* **Hold Departure Orders**
* OCA Circular No. 48-13 (April 1, 2013) mandates **furnishing the Bureau of Immigration with copies of issued Hold Departure Orders (HDOs)** [281].
* OCA Circular No. 84-13 (June 27, 2013) covers the **inventory of HDOs** [281].
* Mandatory observance of requirements in Circular No. 39-97 (June 19, 1997) regarding HDO issuance was reiterated [281].
* The **Rule on Precautionary Hold Departure Order (A.M. No. 18-07-05-SC)** was approved on August 7, 2018 [281, 282].
* **Integrated Bar of the Philippines**
* Guidelines for the **2021 Elections of Chapter Officers** were issued [282].
* The **Rule on Mandatory Legal Aid and Service for Practicing Lawyers (B.M. No. 2012)** was proposed on February 10, 2009 [283].
* The **Rule on Community Legal Aid Service (A.M. No. 17-03-09-SC)** was issued on October 22, 2017 [284].
* **Intellectual Property**
* A.M. No. 04-7-06-SC concerns **Conditions on the Commercial Exploitation of Supreme Court Decisions**, with amendments [282].
* **Judicial and Bar Council**
* A.M. No. 03-11-16-SC (2) (April 27, 2004) is a resolution **Strengthening the Role and Capacity of the Judicial and Bar Council** [285].
* **Jurisdiction**
* OCA Circular No. 65-04 (May 13, 2004) relates to **Further Increasing the Jurisdictional Amounts** prescribed by certain provisions of Batas Pambansa Blg. 129 [285].
* **Land Registration Authority**
* Guidelines on the **Requisition, Issuance and Consumption of Official Receipts for Land Registration Authority Collections** were issued [285].
* **Law Student Practice**
* Guidelines on the **Legal Apprenticeship Program in the Supreme Court and Other Collegiate Appellate Courts** (B.M. No. 1152-A, March 9, 2010) [283].
* **Rule 138-A: Law Student Practice (A.M. No. 19-03-24-SC)** was approved on June 25, 2019, leading to amendments in Rule 138 [283, 286, 287].
* **Legal Aid**
* The **Rule on Mandatory Legal Aid and Service for Practicing Lawyers (B.M. No. 2012)** was proposed on February 10, 2009 [283].
* The **Rule on Community Legal Aid Service (A.M. No. 17-03-09-SC)** was issued on October 22, 2017 [284].
* The Rule on **Exemption from the Payment of Legal Fees** of clients of NCLA and IBP Legal Aid Offices was approved on August 28, 2009 (A.M. No. 08-11-7-SC) [227, 288]. This rule enforces the constitutional right of free access to courts by the poor [228, 288].
* **Libel**
* Supreme Court Administrative Circular No. 08-08 (Jan 25, 2008) provides **Guidelines in the Observance of a Rule of Preference in the Imposition of Penalties in Libel Cases** [284].
* **Mandatory Continuing Legal Education (MCLE)**
* **Mandatory Continuing Legal Education (B.M. No. 850)** regulations were issued on October 2, 2001, and November 13, 2001, with amendments in 2004 [284, 289].
* The **Mandatory Continuing Legal Education Office** was established [289].
* Rules and Regulations for the **Conduct of MCLE Online** were issued [289].
* **Mediation**
* The **Philippine Judicial Academy was designated as the component unit for Court-Referred, Court-Related Mediation Cases**, and the **Philippine Mediation Center (PMC) was established** (OCA Circular No. 82-01, Nov 12, 2001) [289].
* **Enhanced Pre-Trial Proceeding through Conciliation and Neutral Evaluation** guidelines (A.M. No. 04-1-12-SC) were issued/amended in 2004 [290].
* Guidelines for **Collection of Mediation Fees/Fund and Payment of Mediators’ Fees** were issued (A.M. No. 04-8-12-SC, July 19, 2005) [291].
* **Mobile Court-Annexed Mediation (MCAM)** was introduced [291].
* Special Rules of Court on **Alternative Dispute Resolution (A.M. No. 07-11-08-SC)** were issued [292].
* Rule on **Court-Annexed Family Mediation and Code of Ethical Standards for Mediators (A.M. No. 10-4-16-SC)** was issued [292].
* **Consolidated and Revised Guidelines to Implement the Expanded Coverage of Court-Annexed Mediation (CAM) and Judicial Dispute Resolution (JDR) (A.M. No. 11-1-6-SC-PHILJA)** were approved on January 11, 2011, expanding coverage to include civil aspects of less grave felonies [292, 293].
* **Discontinuance of Collection of Mediation Fees in Small Claims Cases** was noted [294].
* **2020 Guidelines for the conduct of CAM and JDR on Civil Cases** (A.M. No. 19-10-20-SC) were approved [294].
* Mediatable cases include various civil cases, settlement of estates, Summary Procedure cases, Katarungang Pambarangay, and civil aspects of BP 22, quasi-offenses, estafa, libel, and theft [236, 237, 240, 241, 295].
* **Minors**
* Special treatment of minor detainees and jail decongestion are covered by Administrative Circular No. 4-02 (Feb 1, 2002) [296].
* Jurisdiction over drug cases involving minors is covered by Administrative Circular No. 20-03 (March 19, 2003) [296].
* OCA Circular No. 168-11 (Dec 2, 2011) addresses **non-commitment of Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL)** at certain centers [296].
* Strict observance of **RA 9344 (Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act)**, particularly on custody of CICL and execution of judgment, is enjoined [296].
* OCA Circular No. 120-2019 (July 17, 2019) requires **inclusion of CICL data in reports** by Family Courts [297].
* Guidelines in instances where a **case pending before a regular court involves a minor** were issued [297].
* **Naturalization**
* Administrative Order No. 226-2022 (Aug 11, 2022) provides **Guidelines on the Implementation of the Alternative Publication on the Official Website of the Supreme Court of Petitions for Naturalization Involving Refugees and Stateless Persons** [297].
* **Night Courts**
* Administrative Order No. 19-11 (Jan 27, 2011) established **Night Courts in Metropolitan Trial Courts of Pasay and Makati City** [298].
* **Notarial Practice**
* The **2004 Rules on Notarial Practice (A.M. No. 02-8-13-SC)** were noted in a Memorandum of Agreement between OCA and OSG on January 11, 2005, and further in circulars in 2006 [298].
* **Plea Bargaining**
* A.M. No. 18-03-16-SC (June 4, 2019) concerns the **Adoption of Plea Bargaining Framework in Drug Cases** [299].
* **Presidential Electoral Tribunal**
* The **2005 and 2010 Rules of the Presidential Electoral Tribunal** (A.M. 05-11-06-SC and A.M. No. 10-4-29-SC) are listed [299].
* **Pre-Trial**
* A.M. No. 03-1-09-SC (July 13, 2004) outlines the **Proposed Rule on Guidelines to be Observed by Trial Court Judges and Clerks of Court in the Conduct of Pre-Trial and Use of Deposition-Discovery Measures** [299].
* **Probation**
* Administrative Circular No. 17-03 (March 12, 2003) allows for **Planting of Trees as One of the Conditions for Probation** [300].
* **PNP Custodial Center**
* OCA Circular No. 76-10 (May 31, 2010) pertains to the **Philippine National Police Custodial Center** [300].
* **Publication**
* **Guidelines in the Accreditation of Newspapers and Periodicals Seeking to Publish Judicial and Legal Notices** and in the Raffle Thereof (A.M. No. 01-1-07-SC) were issued on October 16, 2001, with subsequent circulars [300, 301].
* Accreditation of two or more newspapers of the same owner is also addressed [301].
* **Raffling**
* OCA Circular No. 131-A-2016 (June 27, 2016) addresses **Unauthorized Practice of Consolidation and Lumping of Newly-Filed Cases Prior to Raffle** [302].
* Amendment to Section 8(b) Chapter V, A.M. No. 03-8-02-SC relates to **Raffle and Reassignment of Cases in Ordinary Courts Where Judge is Disqualified or Voluntarily Inhibits Himself/Herself** [302].
* **Referral of Cases to the Supreme Court**
* A.M. No. 99-12-08-SC (April 22, 2003) details the **Referral of Administrative Matters and Cases to the Divisions of the Court, the Chief Justice, and to the Chairmen of the Divisions** [302].
* **Registry Return**
* OCA Circular No. 92-2006 (June 29, 2006) requires **Affixing the Date of Hearing in the Registry Return Card/Receipt** attached to registered mail [303].
* **Reassignment of Cases**
* Guidelines in the **Inventory and Adjudication of Cases Assigned to Judges Who are Promoted or Transferred** to Other Branches (A.M. No. 04-5-19-SC, June 8, 2004) [303].
* Guidelines on the **Authority of the Investigating Executive Judge** [304].
* **Remittances**
* OCA Circular No. 26-2018 (Feb 13, 2018) specifies **Remittances of Fines, Money Exhibits, Proceeds from Sale of Exhibits, Forfeited Cash Bonds and Net Interest Income** [304].
* **Salaries and Benefits in the Judiciary**
* Administrative Circular No. 124-08 (Nov 18, 2008) prescribes **Guidelines in the Grant of the Service Award** [304].
* **Sandiganbayan**
* The **2018 Revised Internal Rules of the Sandiganbayan** (A.M. No. 13-07-05-SB) were issued on October 9, 2018 [305].
* **Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)**
* Resolution (A.M. No. 00-11-03-SC, Nov 21, 2000) designates **certain branches of Regional Trial Courts to try and decide cases formerly cognizable by the SEC** [305, 306].
* Transfer of SEC cases to designated RTCs is covered by A.M. No. 00-8-10-SC (Sept 4, 2001) and Administrative Circular No. 8-2001 (Jan 23, 2001) [305].
* **Interim Rules of Procedure Governing Intra-corporate Controversies** (A.M. No. 01-2-04-SC, March 13, 2001) and their amendments exist [307].
* Mode of appeal in cases formerly cognizable by SEC is also covered [307].
* **Service of Processes, Documents, and Writs**
* OCA Circular No. 119-04 (Sept 30, 2004) pertains to **Service of Writs and Other Court Processes Through the Foreign Service Personnel** [308].
* Service to the **Designated Court Process Officer (CPO) of the Philippine National Police (PNP)** is covered by OCA Circular No. 64-10 (May 4, 2010) [308].
* Amendment of Section 12, Rule 14 of the Rules of Court on **Service upon Foreign Private Juridical Entity** is addressed (A.M. No. 11-3-6-SC) [308].
* Guidelines for **Service of Writs and Court Processes in Cases Involving Foreign Governments or Instrumentalities** (OCA Circular No. 272-2016, Dec 5, 2016) [309].
* OCA Circular No. 263-2018 (Dec 27, 2018) concerns **Service of Summons, Subpoenas and Other Court Processes by Police Personnel** [309].
* Administrative Order No. 251-2020 (Sept 11, 2020) provides **Guidelines on the Implementation in the Philippines of the Hague Service Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial Documents in Civil and Commercial Matters** [309].
* **Shari’ah Bar Examinations**
* B.M. No. 2716 (July 14, 2015) adopted the **Rules for the Special Shari’ah Bar Examinations** [310].
* **Small Claims Cases**
* Notarization of verification and certification of non-forum shopping in forms for statements of claims and response is addressed [310].
* The **Small Claims Case Monitoring System (SC2MS)** was introduced [310].
* The **Rules on Expedited Procedures in the First Level Courts (A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC)** were issued on March 1, 2022 [311].
* The **provision on appearance of a party through a representative** under Section 18 of the 2016 Revised Rules of Procedure for Small Claims Cases was clarified [312].
* **Social Workers**
* A.M. No. 00-8-03-SC (Sept 1, 2000) and OCA Circular No. 95-2003 (July 29, 2003) clarify the **duties of Social Workers of Family Courts or Regional Trial Courts** under the Family Courts Act of 1997 [311].
* **Special Committees**
* Administrative Circular No. 2-2002 (Jan 14, 2002) constituted a **Task Force to Formulate a Disclosure Policy for the Supreme Court** [311].
* SC Memorandum Order No. 50-2010 (Oct 26, 2010) created the **Chief Justice Committee to Address Case Congestions and Delays in the Lower Courts** [313].
* **Special Courts**
* Designation of **Special Courts to Handle Petitions for Inclusion or Exclusion of Voters** [313].
* Abolition of **Heinous Crime Courts** [313].
* Designation of Special Courts to Hear, Try and Decide **Cases Involving Killings of Political Activists and Members of Media** [314].
* Request for Designation of a Special Court to Try and Decide **Estafa Cases** [314].
* Guidelines on the **Selection and Designation of Executive Judges** [314].
* OCA Circular No. 68-2021 (June 1, 2021) covers **Unloading of Cases from Regular Regional Trial Courts to the Newly-Designated Special Commercial Courts, Cybercrime Courts, and Competition Courts** [315].
* **Statement of Assets, Liabilities, and Net Worth (SALN)**
* OCA Circular No. 92-2017 (April 18, 2017) and No. 48-2019 (April 1, 2019) cover the **Filing and Submission of SALN** [315].
* **Submission of Reports**
* Discontinuance of submission of reports required under Administrative Circular No. 62-2002 (Status of TROs/Writs of Preliminary Injunction) and Administrative Circular No. 118-2007 (Report on Writ of Amparo) was noted [316].
* **Supreme Court Internal Rules**
* Various resolutions (A.M. No. 10-4-20-SC) detail the **Internal Rules of the Supreme Court** [316].
* A.M. No. 99-8-09-SC (Nov 17, 2009) amended rules on **who shall resolve motions for reconsideration** of decisions/signed resolutions in Division cases [317].
* The **Rule on Access to Information about the Supreme Court** was issued on February 27, 2018 [317].
* **Temporary Restraining Orders (TROs)**
* Administrative Circular No. 11-2000 (Nov 13, 2000) implemented a **Ban on the Issuance of TROs or Writs of Preliminary Prohibitory or Mandatory Injunctions in Cases Involving Government Infrastructure Projects** [317].
* **Use of Filipino in Courts**
* Administrative Circular No. 16-2010 (March 4, 2010) addresses the **Use of Filipino in Court Proceedings** [318].
* **Violence Against Women and Their Children (VAWC)**
* A.M. No. 04-10-11-SC (Oct 19, 2004) outlines the **Rule on Violence Against Women and Their Children** [318].
* **Warrants**
* Resolution (A.M. No. 99-10-09-SC, Jan 25, 2000) clarifies **Guidelines on the Application for and Enforceability of Search Warrants** [318].
* OCA Circular No. 75-02 (Dec 11, 2002) pertains to the **Issuance of Warrants of Arrest** [318].
* The **Rule on Cybercrime Warrants (A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC)** was issued on July 3, 2018, specifying procedures for Warrants to Disclose Computer Data (WDCD), Warrants to Intercept Computer Data (WICD), Warrants to Search, Seize, and Examine Computer Data (WSSECD), and Warrants to Examine Computer Data (WECD) [319-325].
* It defines various cybercrime terms (e.g., computer data, computer system, content data, forensic image, hash value, interception) [326-328].
* **Extraterritorial service of warrants** is coursed through the Department of Justice-Office of Cybercrime [329].
* **Preservation of computer data** by service providers for six months is mandated [329].
* The **Off-Site and On-Site Principle** for WSSECD allows off-site searches if circumstances warrant, with forensic images made and reasons stated [330].
* **Custody of seized computer data** upon return of warrants involves depositing it in a sealed package with the issuing court [331].
* Issuance of **Search Warrants during Election Period** is covered [319].
* OCA Circular No. 174-2019 (Oct 14, 2019) clarifies **which judge should act on the return of a search warrant in the absence of the issuing judge** [319].
* **New Rules on the Use of Body-Worn Cameras** in the execution of warrants were adopted on June 29, 2021 [332, 333].
* **Writs**
* The **Rule on the Writ of Amparo (A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC)** was issued on September 25, 2007, with amendments [319, 334].
* The **Rule on the Writ of Habeas Data (A.M. No. 08-1-16-SC)** was issued on January 22, 2008 [334].
* OCA Circular No. 161-2016 (July 22, 2016) concerns the **Non-Designation of Sheriffs to Implement All Writs Issued by the Non-Judicial Agencies** [334].
* **Financial Rehabilitation and Liquidation Rules of Procedure**
* The **Interim Rules of Procedure on Corporate Rehabilitation (2000)** apply to petitions for rehabilitation of corporations, partnerships, and associations, including those transferred from SEC [335].
* Proceedings are **in rem, summary, and non-adversarial**, prohibiting certain pleadings like motions to dismiss, for bill of particulars, or for reconsideration [336-339].
* **Orders are immediately executory** [337].
* A **Rehabilitation Plan** must include desired business targets, terms/conditions, financial commitments, execution means (e.g., debt to equity conversion, restructuring), and liquidation analysis [340].
* The **Rehabilitation Receiver** oversees and monitors operations, verifying petition accuracy, evaluating claims, and proposing/implementing the plan [341-344].
* The **Financial Rehabilitation Rules of Procedure (2013) (FR Rules)** were approved on August 27, 2013 (A.M. No. 12-12-11-SC), incorporating changes from the FRIA [345, 346].
* A **Commencement Order** is issued within 5 working days if the petition is sufficient, declaring the debtor under rehabilitation and outlining effects (e.g., stay or suspension order) [347-349].
* The **Rehabilitation Receiver** submits a preliminary registry of claims within 20 days [350]. Creditors/parties can challenge claims [351].
* The **Financial Liquidation and Suspension of Payments Rules of Procedure for Insolvent Debtors (2015) (FLSP Rules)** were approved on April 21, 2015 (A.M. No. 15-04-06-SC) [352, 353].
* The **Liquidation Order** declares the debtor insolvent, orders liquidation (dissolves juridical debtor), directs the sheriff to take possession of property, orders publication, and directs creditors to file claims [338, 339].
* Upon a Liquidation Order, the **juridical debtor is dissolved**, legal title to assets vests in the liquidator, and contracts are deemed terminated unless confirmed [354].
* The **Liquidator's principal duty is to preserve and maximize asset value** for liquidation, with powers to sue, take possession, sell property, settle accounts, and recover fraudulently conveyed property [355, 356].
* A **Liquidation Plan** is submitted within 3 months of the liquidator's assumption into office, enumerating assets, claims, and proposed liquidation mode/schedule [357].
* The liquidator files a **final report and accounting** upon completion of asset distribution [358].
Generated by Google NotebookLM app June 8, 2025, upon request of Atty. Manuel Laserna Jr.
